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- HENRY IV PART I
-
- A ôHistoryö play
-
- The King of England is a unique personage. He does not achieve his
- position by effort and intelligence; he does not win it by power and
- force; and he is not elected by the people that he will rule. He is born
- to be king ù chosen by God for that special purpose; and he is
- ôGodÆs substitute, His deputy anointed in His rightö. That quotation
- is from ShakespeareÆs play Richard II, and it states the official
- Elizabethan view of the monarchy. Such doctrine was taught in the
- schools, the churches ù and even the theatres.
- The Elizabethans were afraid of rebellion. The country was
- enjoying an uneasy peace under Elizabeth I, and the politicians were
- anxious to maintain this peace. The Queen was threatened by those
- (chiefly Roman Catholics) who disputed her right to the throne, so it
- was essential for her supporters to warn the English people of the
- dangers of rebelling against a divinely ordained ruler. The history of
- England provided plenty of examples.
- Shakespeare was not the only dramatist to write plays on
- ôhistoricalö subjects; but he certainly wrote more than anyone else, so
- that it is safe to infer that he was fascinated by his countryÆs past, and
- that he recognized the lessons which the past might give to the future.
- His greatest inspiration came from the events that followed the crisis
- in 1399, when Henry Bolingbroke deposed King Richard II and
- usurped his crown. Shakespeare wrote eight plays around this subject,
- and they seem to form two groups of four (i.e., two ôtetralogiesö),
- although the plays were not written in the chronological order of the
- reigns which they describe. The first tetralogy ù the group of plays
- that Shakespeare wrote first ù consisted of the three Henry VI plays
- with Richard III: the second group starts with Richard II, continues
- with the two Henry IV plays, and comes to a triumphant conclusion
- with Henry V.
- The moral lesson that can be drawn from the eight plays is the
- very orthodox teaching that it is wrong to rebel against GodÆs true
- king, even though he is not a good ruler; and God will punish such
- rebellion ù but He will do so in His own time. Henry Bolingbroke
- wears RichardÆs crown, but it does not bring him happiness: he never
- feels secure, and he is always conscious of his guilt. At his death his
- son takes the crown, becoming (legitimately) Henry V; but
- Shakespeare still insists on the guilt of the rebellion, and before his
- most famous victory, at Agincourt, Henry V prays
-
- Not today, O Lord!
- O not today, think not upon the fault
- My father made in compassing the crown!
-
- The ôfaultö was not punished at Agincourt ù nor, indeed, in the
- whole reign of King Henry V, whom the Elizabethans regarded as a
- great national hero. After the death of Henry V, however, the country
- endured great suffering under the weak King Henry VI and the tyrant
- Richard III; order and harmony were restored at the accession of
- Henry Tudor ù King Henry VII ù in 1485.
- Shakespeare could assume that his sixteenth-century audiences
- would be familiar with some English history ù even if they knew no
- more than the brief outline I have sketched here. To make sure that
- they understood the circumstances of BolingbrokeÆs usurpation of the
- English crown, he puts the details into the mouths of the rebels, who
- frequently seek to justify their actions by recalling the events which
- immediately preceded the death of Richard II.
- These events were the subject of ShakespeareÆs play Richard II,
- which opened when the young Bolingbroke was sentenced to exile by
- the King. Old John of Gaunt, BolingbrokeÆs father, died; and the
- King confiscated his property ù the land and goods which properly
- belonged to the eldest son. This theft gave Bolingbroke an excuse to
- break his exile and return to England. Members of the Percy family,
- outraged by the KingÆs action, pledged their support to the injured
- heir, so long as he was trying to reclaim his own property. But the
- dukedom of Lancaster ù his rightful heritage ù was not enough for
- Bolingbroke, whose ambition reached to RichardÆs crown. Eventually
- Richard was compelled to resign ù but he insisted that he was, and
- always would be, the true king:
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- Not all the water in the rough, rude sea
- Can wash the balm off from an anointed king.
-
-
- THE PLANTAGENETS
-
- KING EDWARD III
- (reigned 1327û1377)
- |
- |-----------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|
- Edward Prince of Wales Lionel Duke of Clarence John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster
- (1330û1376) (1338û1368) (1340û1399)
- (ôThe Black Princeö) | |
- | | |
- | Philippa=Edmund Mortimer Henry Bolingbroke
- | | Earl of March (1367û1413)
- | | (died 1398) became
- | Roger Mortimer Earl of March KING HENRY IV
- | (died 1398) (reigned 1399û1413)
- Richard of Bordeaux | |
- (1367û1400) | |
- became | |
- KING RICHARD II | |-------------------------------|
- (reigned 1377û1399) Edmund Mortimer Earl of March Henry Prince Lord John
- (1391û1425) of Wales of Lancaster
- (1387û1422)
- became
- KING HENRY V
- (reigned 1413û1422
-
-
-
- The MORTIMERS and the PERCYS
-
- |-----------------------------|
- Henry PERCY Thomas PERCY Edmund MORTIMER OWAIN GLYNDWR
- (Earl of (Earl of Worcester: (Earl of March: died (1359û1416)
- Northumberland: executed 1403) 1381 |
- died 1408) |--------------------------------|------------------------| |
- | | | Edmund MORTIMER= Catherine
- Henry PERCY = Elizabeth (Lady Percy: | (1376-1409) (Lady Mortimer:
- (ôHotspurö) died 1444) | died 1413)
- (1364û1403) Roger MORTIMER
- (Earl of March: 1374û1398)
- |
- Edmund MORTIMER
- (born 1391)
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-